Piezoelectric quartz crystal resonators (commonly referred to as quartz crystals) are electronic components used for frequency selection and control. The manufacturing process begins with quartz crystal rods. These rods are cut at specific angles into square quartz wafers. These wafers undergo dozens of precision machining steps, including grinding, dicing, tumbling, etching, polishing, or photolithography (for photolithography-processed quartz wafers), to produce quartz wafers meeting various packaging and performance requirements. A metal electrode, such as gold or silver, is vacuum-deposited onto the surface of the quartz wafer. After encapsulation, this forms a quartz crystal resonator. Alternatively, it can be combined with related passive components like ICs, capacitors, and inductors, encapsulated, and manufactured into a quartz crystal oscillator.

Photolithographic quartz wafers are precision-manufactured using 3-inch or 4-inch quartz wafers as substrates. Through processes including photolithography, etching, fine-tuning, and coating, they are tailored to meet ultra-high frequency, miniaturization (1612 package or smaller), and high stability requirements. These wafers are produced with or without electrodes (for special applications) to fulfill diverse packaging and performance specifications. These photolithography wafers undergo dicing, coating (for special requirements), dispensing, fine-tuning, and soldering to form quartz crystal resonators (Xtal). Alternatively, they are combined with related ICs, capacitors, inductors, and other components for packaging into TSX, SPXO, TCXO, OCXO, VCXO, and other devices.

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃, abbreviated as LT) and lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, abbreviated as LN) are both multifunctional ferroelectric crystal materials belonging to the trigonal crystal system. They feature distorted perovskite (LT) or perovskite-like goethite (LN) crystal structures, serving as “cornerstone materials” in optoelectronics and piezoelectronics. Both materials exhibit multiple effects including piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, electro-optics, and nonlinear optics.

A Piezoelectric on Insulator (POI) substrate achieved by mechanically thinning the surface LN/LT layer of a multilayer bonded substrate to the micrometer level through specialized processing methods. Primarily applied in 5G/6G (high-end SAW filters), optical communications (thin-film electro-optic modulators), sensors, and other fields.

A POI (Piezoelectric on Insulator) substrate achieved by mechanically thinning the surface LN/LT layer of a multilayer bonded substrate to the nanometer level through specialized processing methods. Primarily applied in 5G/6G (high-end SAW filters), optical communications (thin-film electro-optic modulators), sensors, and other fields.